They rotate exactly at 16 and 2/3 revolutions per minute, which is half of 33 revs 1/3. They were primarily intended to hold spoken content. Records rotating at 16 revs per minute were never a great commercial success. They are known as 'bonus tracks' or 'B-sides' on CD reissues. These records very often included unedited versions, remixes that did not feature on the official LPs. They were popular with DJs and some independent radio stations that considered them easier to handle and their quality superior to 45 rpm and 33 rpm records. Maxi single records were chiefly generalised to hold longer tracks: over 20 minutes. Many 12-inch maxi singles were released, primarily in the late 1970's. However, some say that the speed of 45 rpm was chosen for mathematical reasons only, since 45 = 78 – 33… With these specifications, the rotation speed needed to be adapted to use all the available space on the record. 45 rpm records were produced exclusively for commercial purposes: create a 7-inch microgroove record to record one track on each side that could last up to 5 minutes and 30 seconds. Many were used to produce rock ’n’ roll and classical works. These 7-inch records generally rotate at 45 rpm, less commonly at 33 rpm. There are also (7-inch) 4-track 45 rpm records, called EPs, which stands for 'Extended Play', longer than a single, but shorter than an album. They are the forefathers of the 2-track CDs, also referred to as SINGLES. Records rotating at 45 revs per minute usually have a diameter of 7 inches (17 cm) and contain one or two tracks on each side. Standard 33 rpm records are called LP, standing for 'Long Play' and generally hold 20 to 30 minutes of sound on each side. There are also 7-inch (17 cm) formats that rotate at this speed. Records rotating at 33 revs 1/3 per minute usually had a diameter of 12 inches (30 cm) or, more rarely, 10 inches (25 cm) in the late 50's and early 60's (Elvis Presley, Serge Gainsbourg, etc.) and more recently for certain re-releases and limited editions. There are various formats and playback speeds. The use of this synthetic thermoplastic material instead of wax significantly increased sound quality: reduced background noise, increased frequency response, dynamic range and the running time, which jumped from less than 5 minutes to 30 minutes on 33 rpm records. As vinyl records have a much finer grain (about 50 angströms = 5*10-3 µm), they allow for narrower and closer grooves to be cut. Their acoustic and technical superiority over 78 rpm records immediately became a selling point. They contained Mendelssohn's and Tchaïkovski's music. The first microgroove records were marketed in 1948. The arrival of the first 'modern' record players coincides with the invention of the microgroove in the USA in 1946 by Columbia. 78 rpm records began to disappear with the advent of the microgroove in the 50's. But the shortage of resin during WWII prompted manufacturers to use vinyl (polyvinyl chloride, or PVC) instead. They were initially made of SHELLAC (an animal-based resin secreted by an insect), wax, cotton and slate. In fact, they were only rarely recorded at 78 rpm, instead at speeds of up to 66 and 103 rpm, to extend recording time, sometimes to the detriment of the frequency response. Depending on size, they could hold between 3 and 5 minutes of sound. It was a microgroove disc with a diameter between 10 and 12 inches (25 and 30 cm), with usually one track on each side. The forefather of the vinyl record is the 78 rpm record. How to choose your Hi-Fi speakers? Discover.What difference between phono cable and interconnect cable? Discover.Digital cables (USB, optical, Ethernet.).Speaker Cables, Banana and Fork connectors.How do I take care of my records ? Discover.Accessories for record cleaning machines.Brushes and cleaning products for vinyls.How to choose your phono preamplifier ? Discover.USB / Digital / Bluetooth Phono Preamplifiers.How do I upgrade my turntable ? Discover.How do I choose a Hi-Fi cartridge ? Discover.USB / Digital / Bluetooth / Phono Turntables.
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